Biomarkers Tested

This biomarker represents the ratio of specific oestrogen metabolites found in the body. It is important in assessing…

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (2-HB) is a molecule produced during the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Elevated levels…

2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is a metabolite associated with exposure to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel additive…

2-Hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid (HEMA) is a mercapturic acid marker linked to exposure to ethylene oxide and related…

2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG) is a molecule that is produced during normal cellular metabolism. Elevated levels of…

2-Hydroxyhippuric acid, also known as salicylic acid, is a metabolite primarily formed from the breakdown of aspirin…

2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (2-HIBA) is a small molecule produced during the breakdown of certain amino acids and other…

2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) is a metabolic by-product of leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid. Its…

2-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (2-HIVA) is a branched-chain alpha-hydroxy acid. It is a metabolic by-product and can be…

This biomarker is a ratio comparing two forms of oestrogen: 2-hydroxyoestrone and 16-alpha-hydroxyoestrone. It is…

2-Hydroxyoestrone is produced when oestrone undergoes hydroxylation at the 2-position during oestrogen metabolism. It…

2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (2-HPAA) is a metabolic by-product of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Elevated…

2-Methoxy E1 and 2-Hydroxy E1 are metabolites of oestrone (an oestrogen hormone) that are produced in the body…

2-Methoxyoestradiol is a methylated metabolite formed when 2-hydroxyoestradiol undergoes a methylation reaction…

2-Methoxyoestrone is produced when 2-hydroxyoestrone is methylated as part of phase II oestrogen metabolism…

The 2-Methoxyoestrone/2-Hydroxyoestrone (2-ME/2-HE) ratio is a measure of how oestrogen is metabolised in the body. It…

2-Methylglutaric Acid is a metabolic by-product that can be elevated in individuals with certain genetic disorders…

2-Methylhippuric Acid is a metabolite associated with exposure to xylene, a solvent commonly found in paints, fuels…

2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) is a metabolic intermediate that plays a role in methionine metabolism. Elevated…

2-Oxoadipic acid is a metabolic intermediate found in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in tryptophan…

2-Oxobutyric acid (2-OBA) is a metabolic by-product formed during the breakdown of certain amino acids, particularly…

2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, is a crucial molecule involved in the Krebs cycle, a central…

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is a key metabolic intermediate found in the breakdown of the amino acid leucine. Elevated levels…

2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an organic compound that plays a role in the metabolism of certain amino acids, particularly…

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in agriculture, lawns…

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid is a metabolic byproduct of vitamin C breakdown and is also involved in other biochemical…

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, or HPHPA, is a breakdown product of dietary compounds found in some…

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, often referred to as HMG, is a byproduct in the body's production of cholesterol and…

3-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is a ketone body produced by the liver when glucose…

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid (3-HGA) is a molecule that is produced during the metabolism of certain amino acids and fatty…

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-HIA) is a metabolic byproduct produced by the breakdown of certain amino acids…

3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-kynurenine) is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which reflects the breakdown of the…

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (3-HPAA) is a metabolic byproduct of tyrosine, an amino acid found in proteins. Elevated…

3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) is a small organic molecule produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism…

3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric Acid (3-M2OV) is an alpha-keto acid that is a key intermediate in the metabolism of the amino…

3-Methyl-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) is a metabolic byproduct derived from the breakdown of norepinephrine, a key…

3-Methylcrotonylglycine (3-MCG) is a compound produced during the metabolism of the amino acid leucine. Elevated…

3-Methylglutaconic acid (3-MGA) is an organic molecule that can be elevated in the urine and blood. Elevated levels…

3-Methylglutaric acid is a marker that is elevated in the urine of individuals with 3-Methylglutaryl-CoA lyase…

3-Methylhippuric Acid is a metabolite linked to xylene exposure and is commonly evaluated in environmental exposure…

3-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a central…

3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a urinary metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides, a group of chemicals used in…

3-Phenyllactic Acid (3-PLA) is a metabolic byproduct produced by certain gut bacteria when they break down…

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (3,4-DHBA), also known as protocatechuic acid, is a phenolic compound found in various…

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiome from dietary polyphenols. It…

3,4-Dimethylhippuric Acid is a metabolite associated with exposure to trimethylbenzenes, chemicals commonly found in…

3a-Dihydroprogesterone (3α-DHP) is a metabolite of progesterone, a key hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and…

4-Cresol is a small organic molecule produced during the breakdown of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the body. Elevated…

4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid is a metabolite associated with paraben exposure. Parabens are preservatives commonly used in…

4-Hydroxyestradiol is a metabolite formed when estradiol is metabolized through the 4-hydroxylation pathway. This…