TMA / TMAO (Trimethylamine / Trimethylamine N-oxide)
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy products. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may indicate high microbial conversion activity in the gut, an imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based foods. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-based diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.
Description
TMA is a compound produced by gut bacteria from certain dietary nutrients. The liver converts TMA into TMAO, which can enter circulation and affect vascular and metabolic processes.
Elevated TMAO has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, as it can promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupted lipid metabolism.
Diets high in red meat, eggs, or dairy can increase TMAO levels, particularly in individuals with certain gut bacteria. Liver function also influences the conversion of TMA to TMAO.
Yes. Reducing consumption of foods rich in choline and carnitine, enhancing gut microbiome diversity, and increasing fibre intake may help decrease TMAO production.
Not necessarily. Extremely low levels could indicate insufficient dietary precursors or microbial activity, but in most contexts, low or moderate TMAO is considered beneficial for cardiovascular health.
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